Revista ALCONPAT https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><img src="/public/site/images/admin/Portada_principal4.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="453"></td> <td>&nbsp;</td> <td> <p align="justify">The Revista ALCONPAT (RA) is an international scientific electronic journal of the Latin American Association of Quality Control, Pathology and Recovery of Construction that aims to publish case studies related to quality control, pathology and recovery of buildings , contributions are welcome product of basic research, applied, documentary or review articles, directly related to the solution of problems in these areas.</p> <div> <p align="justify">(RA) is aimed towards the scientific and technical medium of the construction industry, related to: exterior finishes, climate action, accidents and meteors, legal aspects, ethics, costs, education and learning, execution, human factor, structural elements, decorative elements, management, facilities, safety, materials, characterization methods and methodologies, standards, works, projects, international networks, use and maintenance.</p> <p align="justify">The manuscripts will be subject to a peer review process by a scientific committee and anonymous reviewers in a double-blind process, in which the authors do not know the evaluators and vice versa.</p> <p align="justify">It is a quarterly journal published three times per year in the following manner: January, May and September. It is published in three languages, English, Portuguese and Spanish. The RA, based on its open access privacy policy, allows downloading the entire content of the journal in digital format (PDF) for free.</p> <p align="justify">It also authorizes the author to upload the article, in the format published by the journal (author’s guidelines), to their personal website: <a>http://www.revistaalconpat.org</a>; the author may also distribute copies of the published article in an electronic or printed format to anyone they consider convenient and reuse parts of the article in future articles, provided that the corresponding credit is given (citation).</p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ALCONPAT Internacional en-US Revista ALCONPAT 2007-6835 <div id="deed-head" class="row"> <div id="deed-license"> <div id="deed-head" class="row"> <div id="deed-license"> <p><strong>_______________________________</strong></p> <p><strong>License in effect from September 2020</strong></p> <h2 id="rights">You are free to:</h2> <ol> <li class="show"><strong>Share&nbsp;</strong>— copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.</li> <li class="show"><strong>Adapt&nbsp;</strong>— remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.</li> <li class="show">The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.</li> </ol> <h2 id="terms">Under the following terms:</h2> <ol> <li class="cc-by show"><strong>Attribution&nbsp;</strong>— You must give&nbsp;<a id="src-appropriate-credit" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/#ref-appropriate-credit">appropriate credit&nbsp;</a>, provide a link to the license, and&nbsp;<a id="src-indicate-changes" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/#ref-indicate-changes">indicate if changes were made&nbsp;</a>. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.</li> <li class="show"><strong>No additional restrictions&nbsp;</strong>— You may not apply legal terms or&nbsp;<a id="src-technological-measures" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/#ref-technological-measures">technological measures&nbsp;</a>that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.</li> </ol> <h2 class="b-header has-text-black padding-bottom-big padding-top-normal">Notices:</h2> <p>You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable&nbsp;<a id="src-exception-or-limitation" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/#ref-exception-or-limitation">exception or limitation&nbsp;</a>.</p> <p>No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as&nbsp;<a id="src-publicity-privacy-or-moral-rights" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/#ref-publicity-privacy-or-moral-rights">publicity, privacy, or moral rights&nbsp;</a>may limit how you use the material.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> RA V15 N2, Message from the Editor-in-Chief (May - August 2025) https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/817 <p><strong>LATIN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF QUALITY CONTROL, PATHOLOGY AND RECOVERY OF CONSTRUCTION</strong></p> <p><a href="http://www.revistaalconpat.org"><em>http://www.revistaalconpat.org</em></a></p> <p>It is a source of satisfaction and joy for the ALCONPAT Journal team to see the publication of the second issue of our fifteenth year.</p> <p>The objective of the ALCONPAT Journal (RA) is the publication of citable production (basic or applied research, and reviews), documentary research and case studies, related to the topics of our association, that is, quality control, pathology and recovery of constructions.</p> <p>This V15 N2 edition begins with a paper from the <strong>United States</strong>, where Prasad Rangaraju shows us this review, which summarizes the availability and processing of glass waste and highlights its impact on the properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened state. The concrete industry is increasingly looking for sustainable supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) to partially replace Portland cement, as traditional SCMs such as fly ash and slag are becoming increasingly available. SCMs improve the mechanical and durability properties of concrete, while reducing its carbon footprint. Processed glass waste has emerged as a promising alternative pozzolan, backed by extensive research and field applications. In response, ASTM developed C1866/C1866M-20, a standard specification for the use of ground glass pozzolan in concrete. The potential of ground glass pozzolans as viable SCMs for the production of low-carbon concrete is also discussed.</p> <p>In the second work, from <strong>Australia, </strong>Didar S. Chema presents the feasibility of using delitiated B-spodumene (DBS), in combination with conventional SCMs - slag (GGBFS) as a by-product of low calcium fly ash, for sustainable non-structural geopolymer concrete applications such as: backfill, base material and non-structural concrete applications (pedestrian path,&nbsp; rest areas, filling traffic islands, etc.) with a reduced CO2 footprint. Rechargeable batteries that store energy in the form of chemicals and convert it into electrical energy on demand are considered the eco-friendly alternative. The key ingredient in these batteries is lithium. Lithium is processed from natural a-spodumene to B-spodumene. DBS in its leached form as lithium slag, is composed of quartz (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), as fly ash. They can be potential alternative SCMs for DBS conventional concrete / geopolymer applications, either fully or partially, in combination with other common supplemental cementitious materials.</p> <p>In the third article, Almir Barrios and colleagues from <strong>Brazil, </strong>they present a case study of a commercial building built in Rio Grande do Sul, composed of smooth prestressed slabs with greased cables, where pathological manifestations occurred even during the construction phase, such as excessive deflections, cracks in the prestressed slabs and some partial ruptures of structural elements. The article presents the pathological manifestations found in the structural analysis, as well as a succinct presentation of the reinforcement techniques used. Prestressed smooth slabs with greased cables are widely used in Brazil due to their advantages. However, the complexity achieved with the use of prestressed buildings often results in highly complex projects and non-trivial considerations in the engineer's daily work.</p> <p>The fourth paper in this issue is from <strong>Brazil,</strong> where Almir Barrios and colleagues present the case study of a commercial building built in Rio Grande do Sul, composed of smooth prestressed slabs with greased cables. Some pathological manifestations, such as excessive arrows and fissures in the slabs, were observed even in the construction phase. The description of the structural reinforcement solutions used in the slabs is presented, such as bonded blankets, inserted carbon fiber tapes and metal reinforcements with external pretension. At the end of the reinforcement work, load tests were carried out on the slabs, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the solutions adopted. Prestressed smooth slabs with greased cables are widely used in Brazil due to their advantages. However, the complexity achieved with the use of pretense often results in projects with greater complexity.</p> <p>The fifth article, by Olcay Gurabi Aydogan and colleagues, comes from <strong>Turkey. </strong>The objective of its study is to minimize the amount of free chlorides responsible for corrosion through the use of different binders, and to reach the level of free chlorides allowed by the relevant standards. The chloride content was determined using the X-ray fluorescence method. It was observed that the chloride binding capacity increased as the CaO/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ratio decreased to a value between 4 and 6. On the other hand, it was determined that the chloride binding capacity decreased slightly when the CaCO<sub>3</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ratio increased from 0 to 0.3-0.5, although no significant effects were evidenced for values above 0.5. Most of the binders evaluated presented results below the maximum limit of chlorides established by the standards, which constitutes an important opportunity for the use of seawater as mixing water in reinforced concrete.</p> <p>In the sixth paper, from the <strong>United States, </strong>Ahmad K. Abdelrazaq presents structural engineering, construction innovations, and key challenges in the design and construction of Malaysia's upcoming landmark. Merdeka 118 is a large-scale mixed development that includes a 118-storey, 679.9m-tall mega-tall tower, the second tallest tower in the world. The effective application of high-performance concrete (HPC) up to C105 has significantly optimized the size of structural elements and improved building economics by maximizing premium floor space. HPC up to C105 has been applied to the walls of the mega column and core to optimize the size of the elements and improve the gravity resistance capacity and lateral loading of the elements. To ensure HPC delivery at the highest level, extensive planning programs, testing programs, and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) programs have been developed. The challenges at Merdeka Tower 118 have pushed the boundaries of HPC utilization in Malaysia from the Petronas twin towers.</p> <p>The seventh article by Thaung Htut Aung, comes from <strong>Thailand, </strong>and presents a case study on the evaluation of the performance of a tall building quantitatively in terms of damage by structural and non-structural components, cost of repair and time of repair, following the methodology mentioned in FEMA P-58, which are precursor guidelines of resilience-based design. In current seismic design practice, safety is primarily considered to measure the performance of the structure. The recovery of the functionality of the structure and resilience are not well addressed in current design approaches. Although current performance-based seismic design approaches explicitly assess the structural performance of buildings for different levels of earthquakes, functionality and post-earthquake consequences are not well assessed in the design process. In the case of extreme earthquakes, although the global and local responses of the structural system of buildings to prevent total or partial collapse of the building are generally checked, the extent of damage to non-structural components, the contents of the building, the time and cost of repair, and casualties are not specifically analyzed.</p> <p>The closing article is by Pericles C. Stivaros from the <strong>United States</strong>, who discusses various repair, design, and maintenance practices to produce durable and sustainable concrete structures. Emphasis is given in the assessment and evaluation of deteriorated concrete structures. The principles of evaluation and repair are demonstrated through case studies of deteriorated concrete structures. Concrete preservation is an important consideration for maintaining economic and natural resources. Concrete, like almost any other building material, is susceptible to deterioration during its lifetime. Repairing and extending the life of concrete structures contributes to the overall sustainability of materials and resources. Evaluation and repair decisions should be based on a thorough evaluation consisting of visual inspection, non-destructive testing (NDT), laboratory testing, and a lifetime assessment analysis.</p> <p>This is a special issue of Alconpat Journal where some of the best papers from the fourth Raikar Conference that was held in Mumbai, India from December 12 to 14, 2024 are published. Our Journal has as Guest Editor in this issue Dr. Surendra Manjrekar who was the Chairman of the conference and who, together with his team, did an excellent job in the selection of papers. In a future issue we will have more selected articles from this important event. We are sure that the articles in this issue will constitute an important reference for those readers involved with issues of evaluations and characterizations of materials, elements and structures. We thank the authors participating in this issue for their willingness and effort to present quality articles and comply with the established deadlines.</p> <p>At the close of this V15 N2 2025, 15 years after starting operations, our performance as Alconpat Journal was finally rewarded with our inclusion in one of the two best indexes for journals such as Elsevier's Scopus. We already have a modest impact factor (0.3), which I am sure will increase thanks to you, our readers and the quality of our articles. Our membership of Scopus has its historic beginning on December 29, 2022, the date on which we received approval from Elsevier. We hope to apply for the Journal Citation Reports in 2025, which is the index with the highest international coverage and quality.</p> <p>On Thursday, May 15, we will have an academic celebration for the 15th anniversary of Alconpat Journal, from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. GMT-6, where we will honor members of the Editorial Committee and outstanding authors who have accompanied us throughout this time. You are invited, come through the following link: <a href="https://n9.cl/58xa4">https://n9.cl/58xa4</a> .</p> <p>These are reasons to celebrate for our community that has made a scientific investment in our journal looking forward to moments like this. Congratulations to all.</p> <p>By the Editorial Board</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Pedro Castro Borges&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Editor-in-Chief&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> Pedro Castro Borges Copyright (c) 2025 Castro Borges, P. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 Enhancing concrete sustainability: use of ground glass pozzolans as a supplementary cementitious material in low carbon concrete. https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/813 <p>This review summarizes the availability and processing of glass waste and highlights its impact on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Concrete industry is increasingly seeking sustainable supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to partially replace Portland cement, as traditional SCMs like fly ash and slag face declining availability. SCMs enhance concrete’s mechanical and durability properties while reducing its carbon footprint. Processed glass waste has emerged as a promising alternative pozzolan, supported by extensive research and field applications. In response, ASTM developed C1866/C1866M-20, a standard specification for ground glass pozzolan in concrete. The potential of ground-glass pozzolans as viable supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) for producing low-carbon concrete is also discussed.</p> Prasad Rangaraju Copyright (c) 2025 Rangaraju, P. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 92 – 107 92 – 107 10.21041/ra.v15i2.813 Delithiated B-Spodumene of lithium mineral extracting process, a potential supplementary cementitious material for geopolymer & conventional concrete applications with reduced CO2 footprint https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/809 <p>This paper presents the feasibility of De-lithiated B-Spodumene (DBS) use, in combination with conventional SCMs - slag (GGBFS) like low calcium fly ash by-product, for non- structural sustainable geopolymer concrete applications such as: backfill, bedding material and non-structural concrete applications (foot path, rest areas, traffic islands’ infill, etc) with reduced CO<sub>2</sub> footprint. Rechargeable batteries that store energy in the form of chemicals and convert it into electrical energy on demand are seen as the green alternative. The key ingredient in these batteries is lithium. Lithium is processed from natural a-Spodumene to B-Spodumene. The DBS in its leached form as lithium slag, comprises of quartz (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and aluminum oxide (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), like fly ash. They can be potential alternative SCMs for geopolymer/ conventional concrete applications DBS, either fully or partially, in combination with other common Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs).</p> Didar S. Cheema Copyright (c) 2025 Cheema, D. S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 108 – 122 108 – 122 10.21041/ra.v15i2.809 Pathological manifestations in a prestressed concrete flat slab building - a case study: part I - structure analysis. https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/738 <p>Prestressed concrete flat slabs with unbonded tendons are widely used in Brazil due to their advantages. However, the bold achieved with the use of prestressed buildings often results in highly complex projects and non-trivial considerations in the engineer's daily work. This work aims to present a case study of a commercial building constructed in Rio Grande do Sul, consisting of prestressed concrete flat slabs with unbonded tendons, where pathological manifestations occurred even during the construction phase, such as excessive deflections, cracks in the prestressed slabs, and some partial ruptures of structural elements. The work presents the pathological manifestations at the building and the structural analysis, as well as a succinct presentation of the reinforcement techniques used.</p> Almir Barros da S. Santos Neto André Lübeck Paulo Jorge Sarkis Jorge Martins Sarkis Copyright (c) 2025 Santos Neto, A. B. S., Lübeck, A., Sarkis, P. J., Sarkis, J. M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 123 – 140 123 – 140 10.21041/ra.v15i2.738 Pathological manifestations in a prestressed concrete flat slab building - a case study: part II - structure reinforcement. https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/739 <p>Prestressed concrete flat slabs with unbonded tendons are widely used in Brazil due to their advantages. However, the bold achieved with prestressed structures often results in projects with greater intricacy. This paper presents a case study of a commercial building constructed in Rio Grande do Sul, designed with pretressed concrete flat slabs with unbonded tendons. Some pathological manifestations, such as excessive deflections and cracks in the slabs, were observed during the construction phase. The description of the structural reinforcement solutions used in the slabs is presented, including bonded overlays, carbon fiber tape inserts, and externally prestressed metallic reinforcements. At the end of the reinforcement works, load tests were conducted on the slabs, demonstrating the efficiency of the used solutions.</p> Almir Barros da S. Santos Neto André Lübeck Paulo Jorge Sarkis Jorge Martins Sarkis Copyright (c) 2025 Santos Neto, A. B. S., Lübeck, A., Sarkis, P. J., Sarkis, J. M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 141 156 10.21041/ra.v15i2.739 Reduction of the risk of the corrosion of seawater mixed cement-based materials. https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/815 <p>Ultra-High-Performance Concretes are those concretes with notable characteristics in terms of compressive strength, durability, and ductility. These concretes emerged in the 1980s as a solution to the search for high durability through the implementation of particle packing models, to reduce the porosity and increase the densification level of the cement matrix, a feature that’s make them highly durable against various external potential deleterious agents. Currently, among the applications in which these concretes are being widely used, architectural applications are becoming increasingly more prominent, due to their versatility in adopting shapes, textures, finishes, etc. However, in these applications it will be advantageous to reduce the weight of the material, to improve its thermal conductivity, but ensuring that the material reach its compressive and flexural strengths within appropriate values for structural applications. To reduce the weight and to reach compressive and flexural strengths, this work evaluates the incorporation of expanded polystyrene perlite (EPP) in substitution by mass of a limestone sand (0, 30, 55, 80 and 100 %) and a synthetic PVA structural fiber. To evaluate the synergistic effect of the EPP and PVA in a UHPC cementitious matrix the following properties were examined: compressive strength, flexural strength, surface electrical resistivity, bulk electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity.</p> Olcay Gurabi Aydogan Shaghayegh Sadeghzadeh Benam Nilufer Ozyurt Copyright (c) 2025 Aydogan, O. G., Benam, S. S., Ozyurt, N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 157 174 10.21041/ra.v15i2.815 Design and construction of Merdeka 118 tower using high performance concrete: Pushing the boundaries of concrete technology for a megatall building. https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/808 <p>This paper presents the structural engineering, construction innovations and key challenges in the design and construction of Malaysia’s next landmark. Merdeka 118 is a large-scale mixed development that includes a 118-storey-679.9m tall mega-tall tower, the second tallest tower in the world. The effective application of High Performance Concrete&nbsp; (HPC) up to C105 has significantly optimized the size of structural elements and improved the economics of the building by maximizing premium floor space. HPC up to C105 has been applied to the mega column and core walls to optimize the size of the elements and improve the gravity and lateral load resisting capability of the elements. To ensure delivery of HPC to the highest standard, extensive planning, testing programs, and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) program have been developed. The challenges in Merdeka 118 tower have pushed the boundary of HPC utilization in Malaysia since the Petronas twin towers.</p> Ahmad K. Abdelrazaq Copyright (c) 2025 Abdelrazaq, A. K. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 175 187 10.21041/ra.v15i2.808 Resilience-based design of a tall building. Case-study. https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/811 <p>This paper presents the assessment of performance of a case-study tall building in quantitative manner in terms of structural and nonstructural components damage, repair cost and repair time, following methodology mentioned in FEMA P-58, precursor guidelines of resilience-based design. In the current practice of seismic design, safety is primarily considered to measure the performance of the structure. The recovery of the functionality of the structure, resilience, is not well addressed in the current design approaches. Although today’s performance-based seismic design approaches assess the structural performance of the buildings explicitly for different levels of earthquakes, post-earthquake functionality and consequences are not well evaluated in the design process. For extreme earthquake events, although the global and local responses of structural system of the buildings are generally checked to prevent the total or partial collapse of the building, the extent of damage to nonstructural components, building contents, repair time and cost and casualties are not specifically analyzed.</p> Thaung Htut Aung Mir Shabir Ali Talpur Copyright (c) 2025 Aung, T. H., Ali Talpur, M. S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 188 204 10.21041/ra.v15i2.811 Service life evaluation in concrete rehabilitation – a sustainability benefit. https://www.revistaalconpat.org/index.php/RA/article/view/814 <p>This paper discusses several repair design and maintenance practices to produce durable and sustainable concrete structures. Emphasis is given in the assessment and evaluation of deteriorated concrete structures. The evaluation and repair principles are demonstrated through case studies of deteriorated concrete structures. Concrete preservation is an important consideration to sustain both economic and natural resources. Concrete, like almost any other building material, is susceptible to deterioration during its service life. Repairing and extending the service life of concrete structures contributes to overall sustainability of materials and resources. Assessment and repair decisions should be based on a thorough evaluation consisting of visual inspection, nondestructive Testing (NDT), laboratory testing, and a service life evaluation analysis.</p> Pericles C. Stivaros Copyright (c) 2025 Stivaros, P. C. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2025-05-01 2025-05-01 15 2 205 217 10.21041/ra.v15i2.814